(2001) fabricated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds with a honeycomb-like porous structure using an FDM-type printer. Additionally, toxic organic solvents are not required to dissolve the polymeric filaments for printing ( Yang et al., 2002 Leong et al., 2003). One of the advantages of FDM is that there are wide ranges of biodegradable and biocompatible materials, or filaments, which can be printed. Thermoplastic filaments are melted by a heating block, and then a nozzle head directs the extrusion of the melted filaments to deposit thin layers ( Azari and Nikzad, 2009 Gross et al., 2014). FDM is the most common 3D printing method. There are various 3D printing techniques that are classified by the types of materials and printing methods that are used to create an object ( Table 1 Sachlos and Czernuszka, 2003 Childers et al., 2015). (2015) designed 3D printed scaffolds to treat tracheobronchomalacia. (1994) used additive manufacturing to fabricate calvarial bone grafts, and Morrison et al. Additionally, 3D printing techniques are applied to produce scaffolds and implants for regenerative medicine ( He et al., 2014 Torres-Rendon et al., 2015 Kim et al., 2018, Lee et al., 2019). 3D models of a patient’s damaged organ can be produced to serve as a visual aid for the surgeons and to help the patient to understand his or her conditions ( Melchels et al., 2010 Gross et al., 2014). In the medical fields, 3D printing technology is a promising tool for personalized treatments ( Choi and Kim, 2015 Jakus et al., 2015 Kim et al., 2016). These 3D printing techniques sent shockwaves throughout multiple industries, such as automotive, aerospace, architecture, fashion, as well as bio-medicine ( Duoss et al., 2014 Gross et al., 2014), since complex 3D structures can be precisely controlled and easily produced compared to subtractive methods ( He et al., 2014 Choi and Kim, 2015). In 1990, a fused deposition modeling (FDM)-type printer was developed by Scott Crump, chairman of STRATASYS ( Rengier et al., 2010 Gross et al., 2014). The SLA printing method obtained issued a patent in 1986 ( Gross et al., 2014). Hull, the president of 3D SYSTEMS, invented the first 3D printer, which was based on a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) technique ( Melchels et al., 2010 Murphy and Atala, 2014 Schubert et al., 2014). After image file of an object is acquired it is converted to an STL file format that can be sliced into layers to create a 3D model ( Melchels et al., 2010 Zorlutuna et al., 2012). A 3D object can be produced through 3D scanning technology, such as computed tomography (CT) and computer-aided design (CAD) software ( Hollister, 2005 Melchels et al., 2010). Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a method that can fabricate objects with complex structures by depositing materials, i.e., metals, polymers, and ceramics, layer by layer ( He et al., 2014 Hung et al., 2014). Here, different types of organs (bone, cartilage, heart valve, liver, and skin) that are aided by 3D printed scaffolds and printing methods that are applied in the biomedical fields are reviewed. There are various 3D printing techniques that depend on the types of materials, or inks, used. Plus, biocompatible materials, bioactive molecules, and cells can be printed together or separately to enhance scaffolds, which can save patients who suffer from shortage of transplantable organs. The fabrication method has a strong potential in the regenerative medicine field to produce customizable and defect-fillable scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows fabricating complex and precise structures by stacking materials layer by layer. 4School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.3Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.2KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.1Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.Chung 1†, Heejung Im 1†, Soo Hyun Kim 1,2, Jong Woong Park 3 and Youngmee Jung 1,4*
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